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Waspada! Virus Nipah yang Bisa Jadi Pandemi Berikutnya
INFOKA.ID – Dunia, khususnya Asia, diintai virus baru yang tak kalah mematikan yakni Nipah. Angka kematian akibat virus yang berasal dari kelelawar ini bahkan jauh di atas corona, yakni 75 persen dan sejauh ini belum ada vaksinnya.
Dikutip Detikcom dari World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), virus Nipah diketahui pertama kali teridentifikasi pada babi ternak di Malaysia dan Singapura tahun 1998-1999. Virus Nipah pada hewan menyebabkan gejala gangguan pernapasan dan saraf.
Sementara itu, kasus infeksi pertama pada manusia dilaporkan terjadi tahun 1999. Seorang pasien dilaporkan mengalami kondisi peradangan pada otak (ensefalitis) akibat infeksi virus Nipah.
“Nama Nipah diambil dari nama salah satu desa di Malaysia tempat orang pertama yang terinfeksi virus tersebut tinggal dan akhirnya meninggal dunia,” tulis OIE dan dikutip pada Sabtu (30/1/2021).
Cara penularan virus Nipah
Kasus infeksi pada manusia umumnya terjadi lewat kontak langsung dengan hewan, artinya seseorang terpapar ketika melakukan kontak fisik dengan cairan tubuh atau kotoran hewan yang sakit.
Sebagai contoh laporan di Bangladesh menyebut kasus-kasus kemungkinan orang terinfeksi saat mengonsumsi makanan dari pohon yang tercemar kotoran kelelawar.
Namun demikian, beberapa laporan juga menyebut virus bisa menular antar manusia.
“Transmisi manusia ke manusia pernah dilaporkan terjadi di antara keluarga dan antara penyedia layanan kesehatan dengan pasien yang sakit,” tulis WHO.
Gejala yang ditimbulkan
Virus Nipah bisa menyebabkan berbagai gejala ketika menginfeksi manusia, mulai dari masalah pernapasan akut, kejang-kejang, sampai peradangan otak yang fatal. Menurut WHO gejala biasanya dimulai dari demam yang diikuti oleh rasa mual dan pusing.
“Tingkat kematian dari virus Nipah diprediksi sekitar 40-75 persen, tapi ini bisa bervariasi dalam tiap kemunculan wabah tergantung dari kemampuan pemantauan dan manajemen klinis suatu area,” kata WHO.
Pengobatan virus Nipah
WHO mengakui sampai saat ini belum ada obat atau vaksin yang menargetkan virus Nipah secara spesifik. Terapi biasanya diberikan hanya untuk mengatasi gejala yang muncul.
“Pelayanan intensif direkomendasikan bila menghadapi gejala gangguan pernapasan parah dan komplikasi gangguan saraf,” ungkap WHO. (*)
Sumber: Detikcom
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